Medicamenteuze behandeling
Het anorexie-cachexiesyndroom wordt gekenmerkt door chronische inflammatie en metabole veranderingen. Wanneer deze op de voorgrond staan hebben voedingsinterventies weinig of geen effect. In die situatie kan medicamenteuze behandeling, gericht op afname van inflammatie worden overwogen.
Uitgangsvraag
Hoe wordt medicatie ingezet bij patiënten met anorexie en gewichtsverlies in de palliatieve fase?
Methoden:
- evidence-based (patiënten met kanker)
- consensus-based (patiënten met niet-oncologische aandoeningen)
Aanbevelingen
Bij patiënten met kanker in de palliatieve fase met anorexie, gewichtsverlies en/of verminderde inname van voedsel:
- Overweeg een proefbehandeling met corticosteroïden (dexamethason 1dd 4-8 mg of prednisolon 1dd 30-60 mg ’s morgens) of een progestativum (megestrol 1dd 480-800 mg of medroxyprogesteronacetaat (1dd 500-1000 mg) als gebrek aan eetlust een probleem voor de patiënt is en de levensverwachting korter dan 2-3 maanden is. Neem bij de beslissing tot behandeling en de keuze voor het middel mee: de wens van de patiënt; het risico op bijwerkingen en de impact daarvan, de aanwezigheid van andere klachten waar het middel een positief effect op zou kunnen hebben; de ervaring met het middel en de kosten. Probeer bij gebleken effect de dosering geleidelijk af te bouwen.
- Zet medicatie niet in ter verbetering van het gewicht.
Bij patiënten met COPD in de palliatieve fase met anorexie, gewichtsverlies en/of verminderde inname van voedsel:
- Overweeg een proefbehandeling met corticosteroïden (dexamethason 1dd 4 mg p.o. of prednisolon 1dd 30 mg p.o.) of een progestativum (megestrol 1dd 480-800 mg of medroxyprogesteronacetaat (1dd 500-1000 mg) als gebrek aan eetlust een probleem voor de patiënt is en de levensverwachting korter dan 2-3 maanden is. Neem bij de beslissing tot behandeling en de keuze voor het middel mee: de wens van de patiënt; het risico op bijwerkingen en de impact daarvan, de aanwezigheid van andere klachten waar het middel een positief effect op zou kunnen hebben, het mogelijke effect van corticosteroïden op COPD, de ervaring met het middel en de kosten. Probeer bij gebleken effect de dosering geleidelijk af te bouwen.
- Zet medicatie niet in ter verbetering van het gewicht.
Onderzoeksvraag
Om de uitgangsvraag van deze module te kunnen beantwoorden, is een systematisch literatuuronderzoek uitgevoerd. De onderzoeksvraag die hiervoor is opgesteld is PICO-gestructureerd en luidt:
Wat is het effect van medicamenteuze interventies op eetlust, gewichtsverlies en kwaliteit van leven bij patiënten met kanker, hartfalen, COPD en ALS?
PICO
| P | Patiënten met gevorderde kanker, hartfalen, ALS of COPD, en anorexie / gewichtsverlies |
| I | Medicamenteuze interventies: progestativa (megestrol, medroxyprogesteronacetaat), corticosteroïden (dexamethason, predniso(lo)n, methylprednisolon), cannabinoïden (cannabisextract, dronabinol, tetrahydroncabinol), NSAID’s (indometacine, ibuprofen), androgene steroïden (nandrolone, oxandrol), enobosarm, prokinetica (metoclopramide), mirtazapine, olanzapine, hydrazine, cyproheptadine, pentoxifylline, melatonine, erytropoëtine, eicosapentanoïnezuur (EPA), visolie, omega-3 polyunsaterated fatty acids, ghreline, anamoreline, interferon, thalidomide, ATP, etanacercept, ponsegromab, anti-TNF-alfa antilichamen (infliximab), carnitine, insuline, espindolol, tocilizumab |
| C | Placebo, geen of andere medicamenteuze interventies |
| O | Cruciaal: gewichtsverlies / gewicht, anorexie / eetlust Belangrijk: bijwerkingen, voedsel / calorie inname, vetvrije massa, kwaliteit van leven, performance status, overleving |
Zoeken en selecteren van studies
Op 10 april 2025 is in de databases Medline (OVID), Embase en de Cochrane Library gezocht naar wetenschappelijke literatuur gepubliceerd vanaf 2012. Deze zoekactie leverde na ontdubbelen en verwijderen van referenties in een andere taal dan Engels of Nederlands 6904 resultaten op. De volledige zoekactie is beschreven in bijlage Zoekverantwoording.
Deze resultaten zijn systematisch geselecteerd op basis van de volgende criteria:
- Populatie en interventies zoals gedefinieerd in de PICO;
- Studietype: systematische reviews, meta-analyses of RCT’s;
- Taal: Engels, Nederlands.
In eerste instantie zijn de titel en abstract van de referenties beoordeeld. Hiervan werden 355 referenties geïncludeerd voor beoordeling op basis van het volledig artikel. Aanvullend werd van 29 potentieel relevante artikelen uit de referentielijsten van deze 355 referenties het volledige artikel opgevraagd. Na deze fase bleven 51 systematische reviews en 85 RCT’s over. Omwille van deze grote opbrengst werd door de werkgroep beslist de PICO te vernauwen tot patiënten met gevorderde kanker en de volgende medicamenteuze interventies in onderstaand overzicht buiten beschouwing te laten: androgene steroïden (nandrolone, oxandrol), enobosarm, prokinetica (metoclopramide), hydrazine, cyproheptadine, pentoxifylline, melatonine, erytropoëtine, interferon, thalidomide, ATP, etanacercept, ponsegromab, anti-TNF-alfa antilichamen (infliximab), carnitine, insuline, espindolol en tocilizumab. Hierdoor werden bijkomend 31 referenties uitgesloten.
Uiteindelijk bleven 48 systematische reviews en 57 RCT’s over. Acht systematische reviews [Advani 2018, Chen 2024, Dajani 2025, Hjermstad 2024, Mochamat 2017, Saeteaw 2021, Yavuzsen 2005, Zhang 2018] waren breed van scope en leverden geen extra informatie ten opzichte van de meer specifieke reviews en gerandomiseerde studies; ze worden dan ook verder buiten beschouwing gelaten.
In bijlage Zoekverantwoording is een volledig overzicht opgenomen van de artikelen die niet werden opgenomen na beoordeling van de volledige tekst met redenen.
Resultaten
Effecten
Effecten
Hieronder worden de verschillende medicamenteuze behandelingen per ziekte besproken. De aanbevelingen zijn gebaseerd op de uitkomsten van het systematisch literatuuronderzoek (patiënten met kanker) en van het literatuuronderzoek door de werkgroep (patiënten met niet-oncologische aandoeningen), mening van de werkgroep en recente richtlijnen.
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